果翅对霸王种子田间萌发的影响

于2007年10月将具有果翅(具翅)和剥去果翅(去翅)的霸王种子埋于阿拉善左旗不同深度(0 cm、2 cm、5 cm)土壤中,1年内每2月取样1次,调查其萌发情况.结果表明:置于地表具翅种子田间无萌发,而去翅种子在次年6月开始萌发;2 cm埋深具翅种子在次年6月开始萌发,而去翅种子次年2月即能萌发,且其萌发均显著高于同期具翅种子(除10月外);与2 cm埋深相比,5 cm埋深种子萌发较早,其他则表现相似.随埋深的增加和埋藏时间延长,去翅种子田间萌发呈增长趋势,室内萌发率则逐渐减小,而具翅种子除6～10月外田间和室内萌发均逐渐增加.埋藏1年后,去翅种子死亡率显著高于具翅种子,去翅种子为23.0%,而具翅种子为10.0%.可见,果翅可显著抑制霸王种子在田间萌发,有利于种子的田间保存,从而避开不利环境在适宜条件下萌发以获得最佳建植率.     

The effect of soil compaction on germination and early growth of Eucalyptus albens and an exotic annual grass

Most agricultural land has been compacted to some degree by heavy machinery or livestock trampling. This legacy is expected to influence the success of tree seedling recruits in farmland areas where natural regeneration is being encouraged. We investigated the impact of soil compaction on seedlings of a woodland eucalypt (Eucalyptus albens) and an annual grass competitor (Vulpia myuros) in a laboratory experiment. Replicate soil cores were created at five bulk density levels; 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.4 Mg m^?3 with a soil water content of 20%. The depth of root penetration declined linearly with increasing bulk density, resulting in a decrease in root depth of around 75% in the most compacted soil compared with the least compacted soil for both species. Shoot length and primary root length did not vary between soil bulk density levels for either species, but seedlings responded to increasing levels of compaction with oblique (non‐vertical) root growth. Results suggest that young seedlings of both E. albens and V. myuros will be more susceptible to surface drying in compacted than uncompacted soils and therefore face a greater risk of desiccation during the critical months following germination. Any competitive advantage that V. myuros may have over E. albens is not evident in differential response to soil compaction.     

Linking Geographical Information Systems and Observational and Experimental Studies to Determine Optimal Seedling Microsites of an Endangered Plant in a Subtropical Urban Fire‐Adapted Ecosystem

Understanding microsite requirements is critical for restoring sustainable rare plant populations and creating meaningful management plans that will enhance native species’ population viability. Natural areas bordered by urban communities have restricted size and constrained management options that confound goals of preserving biodiversity. Using geographical information systems and observational and experimental studies, we determined that current microsites required for seedling establishment within existing habitat of the federally endangered Crenulate leadplant are few and spatially restricted, resulting in little wild seedling recruitment. Experimental and wild seedlings had highest germination rates in litter layers 1–2 cm in depth and survived the longest in litter 0.5–2 cm deep. Fire suppression and aggressive native and exotic plants have accumulated litter up to 33 cm near some of the wild adult Crenulate leadplant. Only 9% of habitat occupied by this taxon at its largest population is conducive to seedling establishment. Similarly, 30% is conducive to seedling establishment in the second largest population. Fire plays a critical role in South Florida ecosystem dynamics and the restoration and preservation of its landscape and biodiversity. When fire is not possible, other management is needed. Manual litter and downed debris removal are recommended at both population sites to improve the probability of Crenulate leadplant seedling establishment and population persistence.     

Evaluating the Mechanisms of Landscape Change on White-Tailed Deer Populations

Understanding how landscape change influences the distribution and densities of species, and the consequences of these changes, is a central question in modern ecology. The distribution of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is expanding across North America, and in some areas, this pattern has led to an increase in predators and consequently higher predation rates on woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou)—an alternate prey species that is declining across western Canada. Understanding the factors influencing deer distribution has therefore become important for effective conservation of caribou in Canada. Changing climate and anthropogenic landscape alteration are hypothesized to facilitate white-tailed deer expansion. Yet, climate and habitat alteration are spatiotemporally correlated, making these factors difficult to isolate. Our study evaluates the relative effects of snow conditions and human-modified habitat (habitat alteration) across space on white-tailed deer presence and relative density. We modeled deer response to snow depth and anthropogenic habitat alteration across a large latitudinal gradient (49° to 60°) in Alberta, Canada, using motion-sensitive camera data collected in winter and spring from 2015 to 2019. Deer distribution in winter and spring were best explained by models including both snow depth and habitat alteration. Sites with shallower snow had higher deer presence regardless of latitude. Increased habitat alteration increased deer presence in the northern portion of the study area only. Winter deer density was best explained by snow depth only, whereas spring density was best explained by both habitat alteration and the previous winter's snow depth. Our results suggest that limiting future habitat alteration or restoring habitat can alter deer distribution, thereby potentially slowing or reversing expansion, but that climate plays a significant role beyond what managers can influence. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.     

Sea trout Salmo trutta in the subarctic: home-bound but large variation in migratory behaviour between and within populations

Anadromous brown trout (sea trout), Salmo trutta, is currently in decline throughout its range, largely due to anthropogenic stressors in freshwater and marine habitats. Acoustic telmetry was utilized to study the marine migration of sea trout post-smolts from three populations in a relatively pristine subarctic fjord system. While at sea, the sea trout spent a substantial part of their time close to their natal river, preferred near shore over pelagic habitats and were strongly surface oriented. Despite a fidelity towards local areas, the sea trout utilized various parts of the fjord system, with maximum dispersion >30 km and total migration distance >300 km. Almost half of the sea trout (44%) migrated between river outlets, indicating that a metapopulation approach may be appropriate when managing neighbouring sea trout populations at high latitudes. Furthermore, the different populations displayed different migratory behaviours in terms of distance migrated, dispersion from origin and the likelihood of leaving their home area. This variation in migratory behaviour is likely influenced by spatiotemporal differences in habitat quality between sites, indicating that local habitat variations may promote population-specific behavioural responses even in relatively confined fjord systems.     

连续氮添加14年对温带典型草原土壤碳氮组分及物理结构的影响

全球氮沉降对生态系统造成了深远的影响,研究长时间氮沉降对草地生态系统土壤理化特征的影响有助于加强生态系统对氮沉降响应的长效机制的理解。通过连续14年长期施加N0（0 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N2（2 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N4（4 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N8（8 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N16（16 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N32（32 g N m^-2 a^-1）六种浓度尿素模拟氮沉降,并将土壤分成0-10、10-20和20-40 cm三个深度土层,研究温带草原生态系统土壤碳氮组分及物理结构对氮添加的响应及其相互关系,结果表明：（1）氮添加显著降低0-10 cm土壤酸碱度及土壤微生物量碳含量,N32相比N0分别下降了27.63%和58.40%（P<0.05）;各土层总有机碳和全氮含量对氮添加处理无显著响应,0-10 cm土层显著高于20-40 cm土层。（2）同一土层深度不同梯度氮添加处理显著增加土壤无机氮离子含量（P<0.05）,0-10 cm土层铵态氮含量N32相比N0增加了88.72%,20-40 cm土层硝态氮含量N32相比N0增加了19.55倍,土壤深度与氮添加对无机氮离子含量影响具有显著的交互效应。（3）同一土壤深度不同梯度氮添加处理土壤粒度分形维数及土壤团聚体差异不显著,相关分析表明土壤碳氮元素含量与土壤结构显著相关。土壤碳氮组分在适宜浓度氮添加的增加趋势说明氮添加在一定程度上可能促进土壤理化性质的改良,氮添加对土壤物理结构的影响还需要进一步的深入研究。     

祁连山5种典型灌丛土壤生态化学计量特征

土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征是体现生态系统变化过程的重要依据。该研究以分布于祁连山北麓中段的甘青锦鸡儿、鲜黄小檗、金露梅、鬼箭锦鸡儿、吉拉柳等5种典型灌丛群落为研究对象,通过野外调查采样,测定土壤有机C、N、P含量,分析了不同灌丛群落土壤C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量比的垂直分布特征,并探讨了各指标间的耦合关系,为祁连山地区土壤-植物养分关系及退化植被恢复与重建提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)祁连山北麓中段5种灌丛群落土壤有机C(45.29 g/kg)、全N(3.85 g/kg)、全P含量(0.70 g/kg)较高,均高于全国平均水平。(2)相关性分析表明,土壤有机C与全N之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),但土壤有机C与全P以及全N与全P之间没有明显的相关性,且土壤C、N含量变化几乎完全同步。(3)各灌丛类型土壤有机C、全N含量均表现为表层高于下层,而全P含量土层间差异不显著;各灌丛群落土壤有机C、全N含量均随土层加深呈现"倒金字塔"的分布格局,但不同灌丛类型全P含量随土层加深的变化规律却不一致,且土层对全P含量的影响不显著。(4)5种灌丛群落土壤整体C∶N、C∶P、N∶P(11.29、66.99、5.67)均低于全国平均水平,各灌丛群落土壤C∶P、N∶P随土层加深均呈不同程度的下降趋势,但不同灌丛群落土壤C∶N随土层加深的变化规律有所不同。(5)土壤有机C、全N与C∶N、C∶P、N∶P之间均具有极显著的二次函数关系(P0.01),土壤全P与C∶N、C∶P、N∶P之间关系不显著。研究认为,祁连山北麓中段土壤C∶N和P含量的稳定性较高(CV=3.99%和2.66%),C∶P、N∶P是判断研究区限制性养分的重要指标,祁连山北麓中段灌丛群落土壤主要受N素的限制。     

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线典型城市气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征与成因

气溶胶作为悬浮分散在大气中的固态或液态微小颗粒物,对人体健康具有巨大影响,探索区域大气气溶胶变化特征和规律,对监测评估大气环境质量(尤其是人口聚集的城市地区)具有重要意义。本研究以东南亚、南亚和西亚“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线9个典型支点城市为例,基于MCD19A2 550 nm AOD产品,结合气象因素、土地利用数据和夜间灯光数据等,探讨亚洲发达城市区域带气溶胶的时空分布、变化特征、影响因素和成因驱动。结果表明: 2013—2018年间,9个城市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)年平均值从高到低依次为卡拉奇、多哈、吉大港、曼谷、科伦坡、胡志明市、新加坡、瓜达尔和仰光。受区域气候系统和气溶胶类型的影响,各地区年、季和月AOD时序特征差异显著。大多数城市AOD高值区主要分布在城市中心区域或社会经济(如工农业)快速发展的地区。不同气象因素对各地区AOD的影响略有差异:降雨量、相对湿度和风速对东南亚4个城市(胡志明市、曼谷、新加坡和仰光)的影响较大,温度、相对湿度和风速与南亚4个城市(吉大港、科伦坡、卡拉奇和瓜达尔)和西亚多哈的AOD相关性较大。城市区域AOD受社会经济、城市化发展以及气象因素耦合协同作用的综合影响,其中,卡拉奇表现得最显著。     

Impacts of remotely sensed environmental drivers on coral outplant survival

Globally, coral reefs are degrading due to a variety of stressors including climate change and pollution. Active restoration is an important effort for sustaining coral reefs where, typically, coral fragments are outplanted onto degraded reefs. Coral outplants, however, can experience mortality in response to a range of stressors. We pair results of outplant monitoring observations with satellite‐based measurements of multiple oceanographic variables to estimate the relative importance of each driver to coral outplant survival. We find that when considering mean environmental conditions experienced by outplants during the monitoring period, particulate organic carbon (POC) levels are most important in determining outplant survival, with certain levels of POC beneficial for outplants. Sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) are also important determinants of outplant survival, where survival is greatest in regions with minimal or slightly negative anomalies. Survival also increases with increasing distance to land, likely due to a reduction in negative ridge‐to‐reef effects on coral outplants. When considering the range (min–max) of environmental conditions experienced during the monitoring period, large fluctuations in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and POC are most important in determining outplant survival. Increasing outplant depth can help to counter the negative impacts of large fluctuations in environmental variables. We find that a variety of remotely sensed oceanographic variables have significant impacts on survival and should be considered in coral restoration planning to help evaluate potential restoration sites and ultimately maximize coral outplant survival.